You should be able to locate your fleet using the ways karroth has mentioned.
One reason I think you may not be able to find your fleet is due to an in-game option...can't remember what the default is.
Just for any future attacks and missions, in the options from the menu (on the left)
scroll down to general options section,
next to "Overview screen - Show fleet return" there is a check box. make sure this is ticked and you will be able to see your fleet returning from missions on the overview screen
Then click "save changes" underneath.
General Options
Sort planets by :
Sort Order :
Select Background Theme:
Overview screen - Show fleet return <-- This one needs to be ticked
Include in Score Board?